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RCA根本原因分析

RCA(根本原因分析)的重要步骤

01 根本原因分析

Let’s look now at an important tool used in continuous improvement efforts. The tool is Root Cause Analysis (RCA). We will cover steps you can take when using this tool to help solve problems and resolve issues.

现在,我们一起来看看用在持续改善方面的一个非常重要的工具:RCA(根本原因分析)。在这篇文章里,我们会涵盖一些在使用RCA来解决问题时可以采用的步骤。

We should note that Root Cause Analysis is a way of finding a fundamental cause for a problem not just a ways to address a symptom.

我们应该注意一下,RCA(根本原因分析)是一个找出问题根本原因的方法,而不单单是是用来处理某个症状的方法。

For example, imagine you are manufacturing plastic cups and scrap 100 of them in a day.

举例,假设你生产塑料杯,而在一天内会有100个塑料杯会报废。

A cause of this could be that the technician did not maintain equipment properly. The root cause could be that the maintenance procedure is not clear and training did not cover maintenance.

造成这种情况出现的原因可能是:技术人员没有对设备进行适当的维护,而问题的根本原因则可能是设备维护程序不清晰,以及培训并没有涉及到设备维护。

To fix the problem properly you must maintain the equipment and improve the overall process of documentation and training.

为了妥善解决问题,你得对设备进行维护,并对文件和培训的整个过程进行改善。

We should also note that Root Cause Analysis when done properly is an iterative process to help with continuous improvement in an organization.

我们还应该注意到,正确完成RCA(根本原因分析),是一个帮助组织进行持续改进的反复过程。

Root Cause Analysis can use approaches that depend on the application. These can be quality industrial applications, safety concerns, process concerns, business processes, and systems approaches.

RCA(根本原因分析),可以使用基于实际案例的方法,可以是质量方面的行业应用、安全问题、流程问题、业务流程,以及系统方法。

02 RCA的基本原则

Here are some of the general best practices for Root Cause Analysis:

下面是一些RCA(根本原因分析)的常见最佳做法:

· Make the aim of Root Cause Analysis to determine how to fix a particular problem and other related problems.

将RCA(根本原因分析)的目标设定为:确定如何处理特定的问题,以及与之相关的问题。

· Use Root Cause Analysis in a systematic way.

用系统性的方法运用RCA(根本原因分析)。

· Remember a problem can have more than one root cause.

要注意,一个问题可能有多个根本原因。

· Keep cost in mind when determining a fix to a problem.

在确定问题的解决方案时,要有成本意识。

· Keep in mind a fix needs to be sustained.

请牢记,需要确认应急措施。

· Understand that Root Cause Analysis can cause a change to a culture and resistance from those who will implement the change.

要理解:RCA(根本原因分析),会让文化产生变革,并会导致变革实施者的抵制。

03 RCA的步骤

Here are some steps to taking action based on Root Cause Analysis:

基于RCA(根本原因分析),以下是可以采取行动的一些步骤:

1.Define the problem

定义问题

2.Collect data

收集数据

3.Ask why. This means determining the factors that led to the problem.

询问原因。该步骤意味着要确定导致问题的因素。

4.Determine which factors are root causes and not just symptoms.

需要确定哪些因素是导致问题的根本原因,而不单单是征兆。

5.Identify corrective actions.

确定纠正措施。

6.Identify solutions that will help the problem from recurring and do not cause other problems.

确定问题的解决方案,避免问题重现,并导致其他问题的出现。

7.Implement the solution.

实施解决方案。

8.Determine if you can use this solution with other problems.

确认该方案可否用来解决其他的问题。

04 更多准则

Remember that Root Cause Analysis is one of the basic tools you should use for continual improvement. Your goal using it is to understand an issue and what is causing it. You can then resolve the issue, not repeat the problem, and improve a process.

请记住:RCA(根本原因分析),是应该被用于持续改善的最基本的工具之一。使用RCA(根本原因分析),是用来理解问题,以及导致该问题出现的原因的。后续,你可以解决问题,不让问题重现,并对流程进行改进。

Here are some guidelines:

以下是一些准则:

· Use Root Cause Analysis as soon as you recognize a problem.

一旦识别出问题,请立即使用RCA(根本原因分析)。

· Do not wait until a problem becomes severe.

不要等到问题变得很严重。

· Use Root Cause Analysis in an iterative way.

要反复使用RCA(根本原因分析)。

· Give priority to the problem that is most urgent.

对最紧急的问题进行优先处理。

· Be precise.

要一丝不苟。

· Pick a problem that is solvable.

选择可以解决的问题。

· Use the 5 Whys technique.

使用5WHY的方法。

05 沟通纠正措施

When you implement a corrective action communicate to all involved the:

在实施纠正措施时,请与所有相关的人员就以下3个方面进行沟通:

· reason for the action.

实施纠正措施的原因。

· benefits of the action.

实施纠正措施的好处。

· time needed to implement.

实施纠正措施所需要的时间。

After implementing a solution remember to iterate.

实施解决方案之后,要记住要重复进行。

06 要分享最佳做法

Here are some related best practices:

以下是相关的一些最佳做法:

·Ask if the solution is effective.

询问解决方案是否有效。

·Review the results of the action.

回顾行动的结果。

·Modify the action as needed.

如有必要,对行动进行更改。

·Recognize you may need a different approach if the problem continues.

如果问题还是继续存在,要意识到可以采用不同的方法。

·Update procedures.

对程序进行更新。

After you update procedures check that everyone is following the procedures.

在程序更新后,请检查确认下是否所有人都遵守程序了。

In time revisit the issue to make sure the fix is still working and everyone is following the procedures properly.

要及时继续讨论问题,确保结果还是有效的,每个人都在正确地遵守程序。

Remember that training could be involved once you determine a resolution of a root cause problem.

记住,一旦确定下导致问题的根本原因的解决方案,就可能会涉及到培训。

Remember also that when you do a root cause analysis the next step is critical.

还要记住,在做根本原因分析时,下一个步骤是非常重要的。

You must have an effective corrective action plan and a preventive action plan too.

你得拥有有效的纠正性措施计划,以及预防性措施计划。

Make sure your organization follows the plan, provides proper documentation, trains all involved, and continuously follows up on additional improvements to the process.

要确保组织落实了计划,请提供恰当的文件,对所有的相关人员进行培训,并持续跟踪过程中其他方面的改进。